Membrane fouling can be caused by various types of foulants, including colloidal (clays, flocs), organic (oils, polyelectrolytes), biological (bacteria, fungi) and scaling (mineral precipitates). Among them, biological foulants form bio-films on the membrane surface or in the membrane pores.
When bacteria succeed in forming a bio-film in a human’s body, they resist antibiotics and can be the culprit in chronic infections.
Bio-films not only have an extreme capacity of evading our host defenses and immune responses, but also they turn out to be untreatable with antibiotics.
In addition, bio-film has been known to pollute water and a main cause for secondary contamination in water purification system.
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